In Germany, education is the responsibility of the states (Länder) and part of their constitutional sovereignty ( cultural sovereignty ) . Teachers are employed by the Ministry of Education for the state and usually have a job for life after a certain period ( tenured ) (but this is not comparable with the delay or the competitiveness of the typical tenure track , for example at universities in the U.S.). This practice is dependent on the state and is currently in flux. A parent council is elected to bring the parents for the administration of the school expressed . Each class elects one or two " class representatives " (class president when elected two are usually one male and one female is ) , the more times a year , such as the " student council " ( student union ) . A team of students from school president is elected for one year , the main purpose is to school events , sports tournaments , and much like their colleagues to organize . The local municipality is responsible for the construction of the school and employs maintenance staff and secretariat. For a middle school of 600 to 800 students, there may be two janitors and one secretary . The school management is the responsibility of teachers who receive a reduction in teaching hours if they participate .
Church and state are separated in Germany . Prayers of compulsory education and compulsory participation in religious services are against the Constitution . ( However, it is assumed politely for prayer in school, even if you do not pray long . ) In 1995 it was decided that the Christian cross is not in rooms allowed class because of it. Towards religious freedom non-Christian students The cross is , if none of the objects of the students allowed , but it should be deleted in the event of a conflict . [7 ] Some states have banned teachers from wearing headscarves .
Preschool [edit ]
File: Kindergartenfrankfurt.jpg
A class of German mother.
The German preschool than kindergarten (kindergarten plural) or Kita , short for daycare ( " Preschool Children " sense ) is known. Children from March to June of kindergarten, which is not part of the school system. often by municipalities , churches and listed companies, many of which run follow a specific pedagogical approach represented , eg, by Montessori or Reggio Emilia or "Berliner education program," etc. Waldkindergarten well established. The visit of a kindergarten is not mandatory nor free , but can be partially or fully funded by the local authority and the parents' income to be. All guards in Kita or Kindergarten must be a qualified three-year course or be under special supervision during training.
Kindergarten will be opened from 7.00 bis 17.00 clock or more, and can also accommodate a nursery , meaning crèche , for children aged from eight weeks to three years, and perhaps in an afternoon Hort ( often associated with a primary school ) for children school age 6-10 years old, to spend the time after their lessons there . In addition to kindergartens, there are nurses on duty ( called Nanny , plural childminders - the sexist official form is not day care person (s ) ) are independent of a preschool institution in individual homes and deal only three to five children typically up to three years. These nurses are supported and supervised by the local authorities .
The term pre " preschool " sense is , both for educational efforts in kindergarten and a mandatory class that is usually connected to a primary school. Both systems are treated in each German state . The nursery school is a kind of preschool.
It is not without interest that the German Reich , responsible children in a position directly to secondary school after attending a private management , " preschool " , which had a different kind of primary school . The Weimar Constitution forbids them feel they are an unjustified privileges and the Basic Law contains Que constitutional order (Article VI , Section 7 . ) Abolished remain pre- schools.
School [ edit]
Parents looking for a suitable school for their child have a wide choice of primary schools :
The school of the state. Public schools have no tuition fees . The majority of students attend public schools in their neighborhood. Schools in affluent areas are better than those in disadvantaged areas usually . Once children reach school age, many middle-class families and the working class away from deprived areas .
or alternatively
Waldorf schools (206 schools in 2007)
Method Montessori School ( 272 )
Free alternative school ( free alternative schools ) (85 ) [8 ]
Protestant (63) or Catholic ( 114) Church schools
Secondary [edit ]
See also: Education in Berlin , Education in Hamburg
After the children have completed primary school (age 10 years , 12 in Berlin and Brandenburg ) , there are four options for secondary education :
Hauptschule ( the least academic , much like a modernized elementary school [ elementary school ] ) until the ninth year ( high school and in some cases, mid level = intermediate school shooting as final examination ) and in some states in Germany , the main school s ' does not exist and the students are in a middle school or Regional School takes integrated.
Secondary school until the tenth year ( mid level ( secondary school certificate ) and final exam );
Gymnasium ( high school) until level 12 or 13 ( with Abitur as a final examination , candidates for university) and
Comprehensive school ( Gesamtschule)
After crossing one of the top schools, students can pursue a career with an education in the vocational school ( vocational school). The vocational school is visited twice per week usually works the other day for a year of learning two , three or three and a half years spent in a company. This is the knowledge of the theory and practice offer . The company is obliged to accept the trainees learning program. Then the apprentice is on a list at the Commerce and Industry Chamber ( Chamber of Industry and Commerce ) . During learning, the learner is the company part -time employees. After the vocational school and final exams of the IHK , a certificate is issued and the young man is ready for a career at a low level management. In some areas , plans to teach certain skills that are a legal requirement (special positions in a bank, legal assistants ) .
Some specific areas offer different ways . After attending one of the universities and receive a certificate of completion ( high school ) - High school ( FOR) or middle school ( Realschule launch a Realschule) or high school gym or a comprehensive school , outgoing school can begin a career with an education at a vocational school ( vocational school). Here the student is enrolled in some organisms , such as associations such as the German Bar Association German Bar Association GBA ( board of directors ) . During learning, the young man is a part-time employee of the institution office , a bank, a doctor or a lawyer. After leaving the vocational school and pass exams by the German Bar Association and other associations , the apprentice receives a certificate and is ready for a career at all levels except for positions that require higher than a certain promotion. In some areas , the training program teaches skills that are required by the law, including some positions in the bank or as a legal assistant. 16 States have exclusive competence in the field of education and training . The Bundestag and the federal government , the education system only through financial support, in order to influence the states . There are many different school systems in each state, but the starting point is always the primary school ( elementary school ) for a period of four years or six years in the case of Berlin and Brandenburg.
Share of wage employment in High school, College degree or high school in Germany [9 ]
1970 1982 1991 2000
High school 87.7 % 79.3 % 66.5 % 54.9 %
Secondary school 10.9 % 17.7 % 27 % 34.1 %
High School 1.4 % 6.5 % 3 % 11%
The monument in Rostock , a teacher , a student teacher and an award
Grades 5 and 6 form an orientation phase ( orientation stage ), while the students, parents and teachers decide which routes already mentioned , students must follow . In all states except Berlin and Brandenburg, the orientation phase is embedded in the curriculum of schools. The decision of a school affects the future of the students , but at this stage changes are made easier . In practice, this is rarely to be happening because the teachers afraid to send students in most academic schools as parents afraid to send their children to school are less academic. In Berlin and Brandenburg , the orientation is integrated into the elementary schools. Teachers provide education ( path) recommendation itself ( education ( bands) recommendation) on the basis of academic performance in the core subjects (mathematics , German science , foreign language) and classroom behavior , with details and differs from state to state legal implications : in some German states , those who apply for a high school or junior high school such a recommendation that the student is likely to make a successful transition to this type of school , in other cases , anyone can apply . In Berlin, 30 % - 35 % of the seats are allocated by lottery school. The performance of a student in elementary school is negligible. [Citation needed]
States of Saxony, Saxony- Anhalt and Thuringia are combine high school and junior high school than high school , middle school and Regular school . All states have high school as an opportunity for gifted children and all states - except Saxony - have some comprehensive schools , but in different forms. The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools : comprehensive school and a gym.
Learning a foreign language is in Germany compulsory in secondary schools and often the language is English. However, it is not always the first foreign language students gym are sometimes required to learn Latin as first foreign language or can choose between the languages. The list of foreign as well as hours of compulsory foreign language studies differ from state to state versions . English, French , Spanish, Greek and Latin are most frequently viewed as a foreign language . Many schools also offer voluntary study groups for learning other languages . In some states, the foreign language class starts in primary school ( elementary school ) . For example, in North Rhine -Westphalia , English from the third year of primary school begins with English or Polish Brandenburg and Baden-Württemberg begins with English or French in the first year.
It can be in terms of education for families to move from one state to another German , problematic because there are very different programs for almost all subjects .
Adults who do not have high-school diploma or high school , or reaches its equivalent , have the opportunity to attend evening classes at a night school or Abendrealschule .
Organization of School [ edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. You may be challenged and removed . (May 2012 )
Standard class in a primary school in Germany
The choir of the Carl-von -Ossietzky -Gymnasium
Witten -Annen Freiligrathschule high school
The College of St. Blaise is located in a former Benedictine monastery
Stella Matutina in Feldkirch
the Aloisiuskolleg
The German naval cadets under exercises before the school gyms naval officers Germany , Naval Academy Mürwik
Some important points of the organization listed. It should be noted that due to the decentralized structure of the education system , there are many additional differences in 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany .
Each state has its own school system.
Each age students ( approximately in the same year born ) group forms one or more categories or classes ( " Classes" ) of the school remain the same elementary school (grades 1 to 4 or 6 ) , school orientation (if orientation public schools ) , the orientation phase ( at secondary school years 5 to 6 years) and high school (5 years and 7 to 10 " Realschule " and " high school " . 5 years or 7-10 ( differences between states ) in " high school " [10 ] ) , are each changes , however, possible if there is a choice of topics , for example , other languages and classes are divided ( and newly merged ) either temporarily or permanently.
Students normally sit at the tables , not desks (usually two to a table) , sometimes arranged in a semi-circle or other geometric or functional shape. During tests in the classrooms , the tables are sometimes in columns with one student per table ( if allowed by the capacity of the space ) to , are arranged prevent many schools fraud, this is the case for some tests in the last two years of the school , ie some tests accounting for the final score of the high school diploma .
Usually there is no school uniform or dress code. Many private schools have a simple dress code , such as " no shorts , no sandals , no clothes with holes. " Some schools try school uniforms, but those who are not as formal as seen for example in the United Kingdom. they consist mainly of a normal shirt / sweater and jeans of a certain color , sometimes with the school symbol on it . However, it is common to design shirts graduating class at the gym.
School starts usually from 7.30 bis 08.15 clock and can end at 12 ; instruction in the lower classes almost always ends before lunch. In the upper classes, but the lessons of the afternoon are very often and for longer periods , gaps without teacher supervision between them . Typically are not in the afternoon each day and / or continuously until early evening , so students with a large part of their free afternoons in the school , some schools ( day schools ) , however, offer courses or activities especially all afternoon to be monitored supervision of students , rather than an increase in the formation . The late afternoon to 06.00 clock on.
According to the school, there are breaks of 5 to 20 minutes after each period . There is no lunch break as school usually finishes before 1:30 junior school. However, in the schools, " afternoon classes " ( = afternoon classes ) ending after 1:30 have , there is sometimes a lunch break of 45 to 90 minutes , but many schools have no special break in general. Some schools , regular breaks have 5 minutes between periods have 10 or 15 minute breaks after the second and fourth periods.
In public schools German periods are exactly 45 minutes. Each topic is (are taught core subjects such as mathematics, German or foreign languages for four to six periods ) usually for two to three times a week and no more than two consecutive terms usually taught . The beginning of each period and usually break is announced by a sound like a bell .
Tests (which are always supervised ) are usually rather than multiple-choice test basis. In the 11th Year , exams usually consist of no more than three different exercises . While most of the tests in the first years of secondary schools usually cover no more than 90 minutes , the tests 10 to 12 years can be distributed four times or more (without breaks ) .
Each type of school the students learn a foreign language (usually English) for at least five years. However, the study of languages is much more rigorous and focused in the gym literature. In the gym , students can choose from a wide range of languages ( mainly English, French , Russian ( especially in the eastern states ) or Latin) as a first language in the 5th Class and choose a second language compulsory in the seventh year . Some types of high school and an additional third language (eg Spanish, Italian, Russian , Latin or Greek) , or an alternative subject ( usually one or two other subjects , such as English policy -based ( English and politics ) , dietetics (biology) or media studies ( arts and German ) degrees. 9 or 11 gyms usually offer more subjects from grade 11 , with some schools, a fourth foreign language.
A number of schools had a smoking area ( smoking area ), a small area of the school where students over the age of eighteen are allowed to smoke breaks in their backyard. These special zones in the states of Berlin , Hamburg and Hesse , Brandenburg, was banned at the beginning of the school year 2005-06. ( Bavaria, Schleswig- Holstein, Lower Saxony 2006-07) ) . Schools in these countries banning smoking for students and teachers and school crimes are punished. Other states in Germany were planning to adopt similar laws.
Since public schools are public , smoking is generally prohibited inside buildings . Smoking teachers are generally advised not to smoke on or near the school.
Students over the age of 14 years are allowed to leave in some schools the school grounds during breaks. Teachers or school personnel tend to prevent young students from early and foreigners to enter the compound without permission.
Ranger the classroom and school is often difficult for students. Unless a group of students volunteers are individuals taken in sequence.
Many schools have AGs or working groups ( clubs) for afternoon activities such as sports, music or theater, but attendance is not common . Some schools also have special mediators , the student volunteers trained to resolve conflicts between their peers or younger students are to solve .
Only a few schools have actual sports teams that compete with other schools. " Although the school has a sports team , students may not be very familiar .
While student newspapers used to be very common until the end of the 20th Century are , with new questions often made after a few months , many of them are now very short, usually disappears when graduates team. Student newspapers are often financed primarily through advertising.
Usually schools do not have their own radio or television reception . Large universities often have a local radio station out of students, however .
Although most German schools and universities across the country is not equipped classrooms with a computer for each student , schools usually have at least one or two computer rooms and most universities offer a limited number of rooms with a computer on every desk. Computers in the public school are usually maintained by the same exclusive contractor in the city and updated slowly . Internet access is often provided by the telephone companies for free. Especially in schools, computer skills of teachers are often very low.
At the end of their schooling , students typically a written and oral examination through cumulative ( in high school gyms or audit Realschule and Hauptschule) . The pupils of the school after class 9 have the final examination of the Hauptschule and after 10th Class have middle school ( secondary school graduation , also called Middle School connection ) .
After the students of the high school ranked 10 out of school for at least one academic year of employment if they do not want to continue. Junior high school and high school students, who spent her final exam may decide to continue their education at a gym , but are sometimes required to take additional courses to catch up.
Corporal punishment is prohibited in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973 and 1949 in East Germany .
Fourth year ( or six , depending on the state ) is often very stressful for underachieving students and their families. Many feel tremendous pressure tries to make an investment in the gym, or at least if you try to avoid the placement of secondary school . Germany is unique in comparison to other western countries in the early separation of students according to academic success.
The school year [edit ]
The school year begins after the summer holidays (different from state to state, usually end / mid-August) and is divided into two semesters. There are usually 12 weeks of leave in addition to public holidays . The exact dates vary by state , but there are usually six weeks in the summer and two weeks of Christmas holidays. Other holidays are in the spring (usually around Easter ) and autumn ( the former " Harvest Festival " , where farmers used to have their children work in the field) given . Schools can also program two or three days before a special expression.
Model schedules [edit ]
Students have about 30-40 periods of 45 minutes per week, but especially secondary schools today switch to 90 -minute lessons (block ), which count as two "traditional" teaching . To classes , three lessons per week are taught to treat , there is a 45-minute lesson each day, especially between the first two blocks. There are 12 compulsory subjects : two or three foreign languages ( a take up for 9 years to complete , another for at least 3 years), physics, biology , chemistry and general civic / social studies ( at least 5, 7, 3 and 2 years , respectively) , mathematics, music , art, history , German , geography , PE and education / religious ethics for 9 years. Some afternoon activities are offered in German schools - mainly choir or orchestra , sometimes sports, drama or languages. Semi - scholastic AG, which are mentioned but not officially classified as newsletters students - many of whom are as (literally " work " working communities ) are offered. Other common extracurricular activities are organized as private clubs , which are very popular in Germany .
There are three blocks of courses in which each lesson is 45 minutes. After each block there is a 15-20 minute break after the sixth hour (the number of hours varies from year to year, so it is possible that we were in school , to be 4 hours). " Minors " ( = minor fields of study ) are offered twice a week , " Majors " ( = major subjects ) are taught three times. During the years 11-13 , 11-12, or 12-13 (depending on the school system ) , each student majors in two or three subjects ( " advanced courses ", " basic courses " / " profile classes " ) . These are taught five hours per week usually . Other topics are usually three times of the 12th Sample we taught school calendar year (Lower Saxony - Saxony )
Public and private schools [ Edit]
In 2006, six percent of German children attended private schools. [11]
In Germany , Article 7 , paragraph 4 of the Basic Law of Germany guarantees the constitutional right to establish private schools . This article belongs to the first part of the German Basic Law, which defines the civil and human rights. A right that is guaranteed in this part of the Constitution can be suspended in a state of emergency , if the goods in question expressly that opportunity. This is not the case with this article. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect against a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future .
Alternative schools ordinary primary or secondary schools that are operated by private individuals , private organizations or religious groups. These schools offer the same types of diplomas in public schools. However, alternative schools do not have the freedom to operate completely outside of government control . Teachers in alternative schools are required to have at least the same qualifications as those in public schools , their salaries are thus at least the teachers in public schools. A replacement school has at least the same as the University of the public school and Article 7 standards , paragraph 4 of the Basic Law also prohibits segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents ( who called segregating ban) . Therefore, most alternative schools tuition are very low compared to most other countries in Western Europe and scholarships are often available . However, it is not possible to finance these schools with low tuition fees: accordingly all German alternative schools are subsidized by public funds .
Moreover, in some cases, the education of a student in a private school by the Office of the so-called youth protection is encouraged. This is often the case when a student is considered a child at risk: students with difficulties , special emotional needs or come from broken families learn to fall in this category .
After taking into account the socio - economic situation of the parents , the children who attend private schools are not as powerful as those in public schools. Program for Student Assessment (PISA ) , for example , after taking into account the socio - economic class , poor students in private schools in the public schools [12 ] It was , however, be cautious interpretation of these data . It may be that these students do not fare worse because they attend a private school , but because they are in a private school they underperform . Some private school and junior high school were lower than those of the public junior high school and high school entry requirements.
Special Schools [Edit ]
A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz , Germany
Most children with special needs attend a German school called special school or special school ( special school ) that serves only those children. There are several types of special schools in Germany :
The " special school for children with learning difficulties " - a special children with learning difficulties
The " school funding priority Mental THE development " - a special children's service school , the very severe learning difficulties
The " special school focusing emotional and social development " - a special school serving children with special emotional needs
Only one of 21 German children attending a special school. Teachers in these schools are qualified professionals who specialize in college in special education . Special schools are often very cheap and student teachers compared facilities in connection with other schools. Been criticized special schools. It is argued that special education separates and discriminates against those who are disabled or different. Some children with special needs do not attend special schools , but in a secondary school or comprehensive school ( Gesamtschule ) and / or integrated in rare cases , a secondary school or even a gym.
Elite Schools [Edit ]
St. Afra is one of the few sciences that with gifted children only deal
There are very few special schools for gifted children. Because German schools are not the IQ - test children, most intellectually gifted children are not aware that they fall into this category. The German psychologist, Detlef H. Rost has pioneered longitudinal study of gifted children called gifted Marburg project. In 1987/1988 he tested 7000 third graders on the CFT 20 , Culture Fair Intelligence Test III ( Cattell Culture Fair III). Those who got at least two standard deviations above the mean were classified as gifted . A total of 151 gifted subjects participated in the study along with 136 controls. [13 ] All patients were tested with the result blind they discover that they are gifted or not. The study found that gifted children very well in school. The vast majority later attended a gym and got good grades. However, 15 percent were below average because they (one case) attended a Realschule ( two cases) or high school classified had a grade repeated ( four cases) or had notes in places the lower half of their class (the rest of the cases) . The report concludes that the most talented people have high self -esteem and good mental health. [14 ] Rost said he was not in favor of schools for gifted students . Gifted children seemed well by the current school system offered in Germany . [15]
Learning [ edit]
A master craftsman ( master craftsman ) of the Chamber of Berlin ( Berlin Chamber of Crafts ) , the currency of the certificate reads "Work is the refinement of the citizen blessing of the reward of his work will be
A Master discusses a vacuum compressor with his apprentice and some other artisans
Germany has high standards in the training of artisans. Historically, very few people attended college . In the 1950s, for example, had only 80 percent of elementary school ( " elementary school " ) - Education 6 or 7 years. Only 5 percent of entering college at that time and even fewer graduates. 1960 Joined in 6 per cent of youth college. In 1961, there were 8,000 cities in which none of the children received a secondary education. [16 ] However, this does not mean that Germany was a country of uneducated people . In fact, many were from those who did not receive secondary highly skilled craftsmen and members of the upper middle class. Even if more people go to college today , a craftsman in German society is always appreciated.
Journeyman in traditional costume
Historical ( pre-20th century ) the relationship between a master and his apprentice was paternalistic . Trainees are often very young when commissioned a master's certificate from their parents. We have seen that the responsibility of the teacher to teach not only the business but also to inculcate the virtues of a good craftsman. He should teach honor , loyalty, sense of fairness , kindness and compassion for the poor. It should also provide spiritual guidance to ensure that his apprentices fulfilled their religious duties and to teach them , " Honor the Lord" ( Jesus Christ) with their lives. The master craftsman who would not lose his reputation, and this would be dishonored accordingly - a terrible fate at the time. The training ended with the so-called acquittal (liberation) . The teacher gave on the subject, that the apprentice just and loving God Commerce was . [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] The boy was now the right itself " Journeyman " ( companion ) call. He had two options: either to work for a master or become a master himself . The work of a different master has several disadvantages. The first was that in many cases the companion who is not a teacher was not allowed to marry and to found a family . Because the church of sex outside of marriage is rejected, he was forced to become a master when he is not spending his single life . [20 ] Therefore, decided most of the so-called " Journeyman " , to take a journey to become a master . This was called " Waltz" or journeyman years.
A German roofer thatched roof made of reeds ( he wears the vest and pants traditional craftsmen )
Carpentry is one of the business as a profession in Germany
In those days, the craft were known as the " virtuous crafts " and virtuosic ness was highly respected craftsmen . For instance , according to a source , a person is considered accepted must be " the mason craftsmen in the city , life in repectability , die in respectability struggling for respectability and apply repectability their actions " [ 21] these days , noted the concept of " virtuous crafts " , as opposed to the concept of " academic freedom " as husband and brother Jost .
Today, the training of artisans has changed - . Including self-esteem and the concept of reliability [ 22] However, even today , a craftsman sometimes refers to the "Codex craftsmen virtues " and sometimes trades as can be " virtuous crafts " and artisans who gives a blessing during a ceremony roof may many cases , remember the " virtues of the craft I am part of . " also, certain virtues attributed to certain professions . For example, a person called can " always on time like a bricklayer " in order to describe the punctuality. [ 23] On the other hand , the "virtue " and " seriousness " , which in the past had been the center of life of a craftsman less important for this type of education . Today a young man who wants to start an apprenticeship , must obtain a " trainer ": this may be a master, a master in the industry ( foreman ) or someone else with the evidence of the qualifications to be training apprentices . The "trainers" must also demonstrate proof of no criminal record and seriousness. The instructor must be at least 24 years. The instructor has several functions , such as 1) the teaching profession , 2 ) teach the techniques to convey character, 4) The development of social skills 3). In some cases, the instructor must also food and shelter. An agreement on these points are reached before learning begins . The apprentice will also get paid for their work. According to § 17 Berufsbildungsgesetz a first year apprentice is less than someone who is an apprentice for more has to be paid. An instructor , which provides space and this may set the fee. In the past, many of those who applied for learning primary education. Today to learn only those with a high school education to apply , because the secondary school attendance was compulsory. In some professions, it has also become difficult for those who keep the school, so as to find an apprenticeship, because more and more students leave school with the high school or secondary school certificate . The training lasts three years. Meanwhile, the apprentice instructor is trained and attend a vocational school. This is called the " German model " or " system of education " ( "dual education " ) .
Higher Education [edit ]
Heidelberg University is the oldest and the most prestigious universities in Germany . It was created in 1386.
Universities in Germany [ change]
See also: List of universities in Germany
German universities are recognized internationally in the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) for 2008 , six of the top 100 universities in the world in Germany , and 18 of 200 [ 24] Most German universities are public institutions. , Charging tuition fees of only about 60 € per semester ( up to 500 € in the state of Lower Saxony ) for each student. [ 25] [ 26] Thus, the university is open to most citizens and the study is very common in Germany . Although the system of vocational training , the theoretical and practical training combined and do not lead to higher education , is more popular than anywhere else in the world - . While it is a model for other countries [ 27]
The oldest universities in Germany are among the oldest and best regarded in the world, with the University of Heidelberg is the oldest ( founded in 1386 and in continuous operation since ) . It is from the University of Leipzig ( 1409 ) , University of Rostock ( 1419), University of Greifswald ( 1456 ) , the University of Freiburg ( 1457 ) , University of Munich ( 1472 ) and the University of Tübingen followed ( 1477 ) .
Most German universities focus more on teaching than research . The research is mainly to independent institutions that are embedded in school groups , as Max Planck , Fraunhofer - exposed , Leibniz and Helmholtz Institute. This specialization is rare in the German university rankings , which is why the German universities, according to some estimates , the implementation of such ARWU seem to be reflected.
Application for German universities [edit ]
The Humboldt University of Berlin is the first modern university in the world.
Within Wendelstein 7-X , a research center at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics near the University of Greifswald. Unlike many other countries, much of the research is described in independent institutions , while universities instead to focus on the education of their students.
There are many ways to achieve admission to German colleges and universities [ 28] The traditional way has always been the completion of a high school with the Abitur . But this has become less frequent over time . In 2008, less than half of the students had graduated at college in some states in the first year of a gym . Even in Bavaria (a state with a policy of strengthening the Gymnasium) , only 56 percent of freshmen had completed high school . [ 29] The remainder was awarded to the school from another school or hold a high school certificate at all . Anyone with appropriate qualifications may apply college or university in Germany , without distinction of race, sex , religion or political convictions.
Students who wish to take university in Germany must usually hold a high school diploma or certification. Otherwise, they need to present additional evidence that they are able to compete with their peers. This can be in the form of tests of cognitive function or signs of success " gifted testing " ( " aptitude test " consists of a written and oral examination ) . In some cases , students who do not hold the degree can go to the university, even if they do not have the aptitude or cognitive tests if they 1) have received previous training , and 2) have worked at least three years and spent " entrance examination " (record review) . This is the case , for example Hamburg, Germany. [30]
High school diplomas received from countries outside of Germany are , in many cases as equivalent to a bachelor's degree , but a high-school diploma and therefore do not qualify the holder admission to a German university. However, it is always possible that these students are a German university if they can proof of qualifications. For example , foreign students with a combined calculation and verbal score of 1300 on the SAT or 28 on the law claim for admission to the university. [31]
Students who wish to attend a college must have a bachelor's degree or technical college or other proof they can compete with their peers.
Admission [edit ]
There are many quotas to ensure that the process of admission to study in Germany is correct. [ 32] [ 33] [ 34]
at least 2 percent of students in a university should , if "hardship " cases ( hardship cases or disadvantaged students ) are called. A student may be considered a case of trouble if 1) he or she suffers from a disease or a severe disability or 2) he or she is socially disadvantaged ( or a disadvantaged family) or 3) he or she is of partial German origin outside born in Germany ( " Aussiedler " ) and attended a university in the country . Other conditions may also qualify for a student in the event of difficulties , receive preferential treatment and emergency admission
20 percent of the admission slots should be available to students who graduated from the school in the top 20 % of their class (as determined GPA) are given
20 percent of the slots should be for students who have been on the longest waiting list given
Other admission slots may be granted at the discretion of the university. Universities need common criteria are: 1) Grade Point Average ( most common) , 2) personal character as evaluated in interviews , 3) personal character as evidenced by essays or letters, and 4) performance in entrance exams .
Under German law, universities are not allowed to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to people based on race, ethnic origin, gender or social class , unless in the " hardship " be granted a preferential treatment.
Tuition [edit ]
Much of the German universities are public , so financed . In 2012, tuition fees only two of the 16 states of Germany up to € 500 per semester in school funding , while in 14 states tuition was provided free of charge . There are no university scholarships in Germany encouraged, but a number of institutions awarding of public and private grants usually cover the living expenses and books. In addition, there is a law ( federal financial aid or Federal Training Assistance Act ) to ensure that people in need can be up to 650 € per month for 4-5 years if they or their parents can not afford all the costs associated with study. A portion ( usually half ) of this money is an interest-free loan that must be repaid. Many universities planning to introduce tuition fees have indicated their intention to be part of the money paid to create programs announced , although the exact details usually vague.
Student Population [ Edit]
Since the end of World War II , the number of young people has more than tripled in entering university in Germany , but the participation of the university is still lower than in many other European countries. This is partly due to the dual training system , with its strong emphasis on learning and because many jobs that require a college degree in other countries ( eg, nursing) require only a degree from a school ( as a school for nurses ) that are not considered universities.
The rate of college graduates varies by state (country ) . The highest number of Berlin and the lowest in Schleswig -Holstein.
Although the organizational structure reasserts introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in the early 19th Century ( Humboldt University Berlin ) higher education reforms , it has been criticized by some (nee including Germany, former Stanford University President Gerhard Casper ) for a rather unbalanced focus , more education and less on research , and the lack of independence of government intervention . In fact, many German public universities today are less resemblance to the original vision of Humboldt, for example, a typical American institution .
Handball mixed- robin fourth Eurokonstantia , international sports tournament in the sports center at the University of Konstanz in 2009
German students largely choose their own curriculum and teachers choose their own topics for research and teaching. Often this choice is system results in students spending many years at the University before graduating and is currently being tested . There are no fixed classes together and study of students together . Students change universities according to their interests and strengths of each university. Sometimes students attend two , three or more different universities as part of their studies. With this mobility in German universities , there is a freedom and individuality unknown in the United States, the United Kingdom or France. While the overall mobility is high , enter the number of West German University in the former East is low, while many students register in the former West German institutions , raises doubts about the condition of the "inner reunification" of the two parties the country. The weekly Die Zeit called the former GDR as " despised paradise." [35]
On leaving school , students can choose to go to college.
While a student at the high school can not find the courses to college credit . This could be to do with the fact that the credit system is still unknown in Germany , even if it is introduced with the Bologna process, which aims to unify the education and degrees for all EU countries. What counts at the end of the school year are certificates ( " Certificates " ) issued by teachers to prove that the required courses (and / or exams) were successfully adopted. Exceptionally , students may not receive certificates for courses they had attended before the official enrollment at the University (ie for the Gymnasium ) , although their presence can sometimes be considered as such . Usually there are some specific required courses , but students choose from a range larger or smaller classes in their area of interest , although this varies greatly depending on the choice of the topic. Once the student has the required number of such certificates and can (if a Magister student ) verify participation in a minimum number of electives , students can choose to register for exams . In many cases, the numbers of those certificates will be rejected and the final degree class is only the notes of the final examinations and thesis. This can potentially affect the motivation to achieve excellence, you try to aim much higher values to comply with the requirements of the federal financial aid or scholarships.
In the gym , the students are under the strict supervision of teachers and their participation in all courses is checked regularly. In German universities , however, is only for participation in the teaching courses in which students need a certificate is checked , and presence controls are usually much more liberal (usually a signature or initials as proof of attendance, even if the signature not supervised) and sporadic , although not repeated a course without a proper excuse (ie doctor's note ) usually results in a failure to obtain a certificate , visit . Life at German universities may combine anonymous and highly individual at first, but most students find a group of friends with common interests in their first year, and then often courses and remain in this group until the final exam.
While there are programs for the first two or three years in the natural sciences , humanities, each student chooses lectures and seminars (usually admission to the intermediate examination requires three certificates , each of which can be earned in one of the many different seminars ) and take the exams at the end of the study period . Any student who , at the time when it decides to take the final exam. Some take a minimum of 4 years, most take 5-6 years to complete, some may even have for 10 years at the university ( often because they changed subjects several times) . After 13 years at the school , maybe another year in the armed forces , the graduates can sometimes be almost 30 years old when they apply for their first real job , although most had a number of jobs, part-time or temporary jobs between semesters .
If they have successfully studied at the University for two years (after midterm / undergraduate ) , students can transfer to other countries for higher studies. They are usually complete their studies after 4-6 years with a degree in the ( Science ) or Master's ( in art) , corresponding to a master's or MA, Master of Arts or a is .
A special type of degree is state examination. It is a government licensing examination that future doctors, teachers, lawyers, judges , prosecutors and pharmacists are required before being allowed to practice their profession happen . Students usually study at university for 4-8 years before they take the first state examination. Then teachers and lawyers continue to work in their future jobs for two years before taking the position to the second state exam , which tests their practical abilities . The first state examination equivalent to M.Sc. , MA, LL.B. / Or LL.M.
Fachhochschule ( FH) [edit ]
It 's a different kind of academic post-baccalaureate education in Germany : the Fachhochschulen (FH ), which offer similar values to those of a traditional university town , but often concentrate on applied science ( as the English name suggests ) . In a traditional university, it is important that the "why" keep a method scientifically correct: but this is less important in the colleges. Here the focus is on the systems and procedures are in place , where they come from , their advantages and disadvantages , how to get them to apply in practice , they should be used and when it is not. Students start their courses together and graduate ( more or less) together and there is little choice in their program (but it is not mandatory in many studies ) .
In order to gain experience on the job , internship are a mandatory part of the study to a university. Therefore, the students are better trained in OUSF transfer of knowledge and skills into practice while students of traditional universities are developing better methods of training . But as a teacher OUSF have her doctorate in traditional universities and the universities have in relation to the importance of practice , both types resemble more . It is now more a differentiation between practice orientation and theoretical orientation of science.
After 4 years, a college student has a comprehensive training and can turn right into the workforce.
The purpose of another element - the study was to follow the development of general mathematical skills. One observation is that those admitted , showed the gym after the fourth year, better math skills than those who remained in elementary school ab initio . This applies to all social classes. Another finding is that children from all social classes did better in the sixth, when they were in a gym. At the end of the sixth year , participants had two years ahead of those attending primary school in a gym.
The gym has stimulate students' ability ? There are different opinions about it. Some argue that this is the case and after checking in the fourth year , surpassing those who were enrolled in a gym , their peers who were not in the sixth year . [56 ] This is also the interpretation of Professor Dr. Dr. Lehman, who did the study. He said : The results show that the gym , students from all social classes reach their full mathematical potential [57 ] Others, however reanalized the data, those who were to visit a gym different ab initio and could not be compared properly are . the participants in the primary school . The data are of great political significance as for the tripartite system and those who use the benefit of comprehensive schools both for their evidence. Proponents of education , argue that the evidence that the primary school that resembles a comprehensive school children's ability to stimulate , while the proponents of the three -tier system , the data argue that the dynamics show capacity shows high school students.
Children at Risk [edit ]
Children whose families receive welfare , children whose parents dropped out of school and teenage parents, children are raised by single parents , children in inner-city crime -ridden raised children, several younger siblings and children live in overcrowded substandard apartments are at risk of underachievement in Germany . Often these factors go together, making it very difficult for children to overcome obstacles. A number of measures were evaluated to help children reach their full potential. [ 58 ]
Kindergarten [edit ]
A forest nursery in Dusseldorf
Kindergarten has been shown that the school readiness of children to improve in danger. Children attend kindergarten were less likely to have speech disorders or impaired motor development . Only 50% of children whose parents are not graduate from school ready for school at the age of six . When these children were enrolled in a three-year kindergarten program of high quality , 87 % were ready for school at the age of six. Mother and helps to overcome inequality . [ 59 ]
Home visits and help [edit ]
Families whose children are at risk for poor academic performance can be visited by trained professionals. They offer a variety of services that relate to each child and the history of each family and their needs. These professionals can among pregnant low-income women and talk to them about positive health behaviors , such as healthy eating or the consumption of alcohol or smoking during pregnancy to refrain . Positive health behaviors can have a big impact on the academic performance of children.
Home can provide information about services and social care for children , visitors , help parents in crisis and model the skills of problem solving. You can help at home or to improve a curriculum of educational games for language development and cognitive skills in the implementation of the program / preschool. In most cases, these family support is offered on a voluntary basis . Families who may be eligible to decide for themselves whether they want to participate . There is no penalty , if they decide against it or against the continuation of the program . [ 58 ]
Students of the working class [edit ]
In Germany, most children are streamed by ability in different school after the fourth year . The International Research Program in Reading has found that working class children better reading performance had to be nominated for the high school as middle class children to . After considering the literacy , chances are appointed to the gym for the upper middle class children were 2.63 times better than the children of the working class .
Points needed to be nominated for High School [ 60 ]
The appointment of teachers
Child for parents who want children school
To attend high school
Children from upper circles of the middle class 537 498
Children from lower middle class backgrounds 569 559
Children of parents who have jobs rose 582 578 Passes
Children 580 independent parent 556
Children from upper circles of the working
Affirmative Action [edit ]
Left Party in Germany raised the debate over affirmative action . According to Stefan Zillich quotas should be " one way " to children of the working class, not have been accessing the school gymnasium to be successful. Opposed [ 61 ] Directors, high school , arguing that such a policy would be a " disservice " to his poor children , they would not be able to keep the school with their peers and they do not feel . welcome in a gym Wolfgang Harnischfeger , headmaster known a school in Berlin , said: "It is in children from kindergarten age can be observed children after their parents take them imitate their language, how to dress , how they spend their free time .. Children Neukölln (a poor neighborhood ) feel good about themselves , if it is to participate in this type of school pupils from different social classes of their own they were not in the first place . unable , each area to integrate - show .. day, every school party will be very soon , " He also said that" this type of policy would weaken the school "and that it would be dangerous , because" German society is not really educated adults without high school work done . to be " [62 ] Stefan Zillich responded and said that" the German companies can not afford to so few adults who have been truly educated " [62 ] Although the laws of affirmative action have not been adopted (as of January 2010 ) . most sought-after schools have the right to use their own quotas since 1970 guaranteed.
Other rates [edit ]
Has chosen a well-known example of a heavily oversubscribed school to determine a quota sample Bielefeld Laboratory School , which sought to create a ratio of the working class. It was decided that 50 percent of the students are from working class backgrounds. The school has decided that children from single-parent families and children to ensure preferential treatment from immigrant families. The school has tried to convince the working class of parents to enroll their children, but they have failed. In 2005, only 1.6 percent of children had a father who was a laborer , and only 3.2 percent had a father who was an expert . [63 ] In 2009 , said a representative of the school that the school was always the goal , as the working class and immigrants to register as possible and it was decided that the children of these children environments could be guaranteed a slot, choose when they enroll . [64 ] The school , however, managed to enroll the children in single-parent families . Nearly 45 percent of the students come from families headed by single women. [ 65 ]
Gymnasium Berlin Lottery [edit ]
In 2009, the Berlin Senate decided that the school gymnasium in Berlin should not be allowed to pick all of their students. It was decided that while they were able to recover , 70 % to 65 % of their pupils that should be allocated to other places by lottery . Each child is able to participate in the lottery, no matter how he or she has played in elementary school . It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of students in the working class, to increase visit a gym . [66 ] The Left proposed that Berlin gymnasiums should no longer be allowed to students who perform poorly will distribute , so that students who have earned a place in the gym lottery are more likely to graduate from this school. [66 ] It is not yet clear whether the Berlin Senate vote in favor of the proposal from the left.
International Comparison [edit ]
Latest PISA student assessment have shown serious weaknesses in the performance of German students . In the test of 43 countries in 2000 [67 ] , Germany at number 21 in reading and 20 in mathematics and natural sciences , prompting calls for reform . [68 ] In 2006, German students their position compared to previous years improved ( statistically ) ranked significantly above average ( rank 13) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average in mathematical skills ( rank 20) and reading skills (Rank 18). [69] [70]
The PISA study also showed significant differences between the performance of students at various German schools [ 71 ] According to Jan -Martin Wiadra . Conservatives sought the success of the sports hall, for it is the best school form in the world - in fact , it is by far the number one in the PISA table. But it is rather forget that this success to come at the expense of a disaster in the main school. [ 72 ]
Some representatives of the German teachers and a number of scientists have the results of the PISA [73 ] controversial. The contention that these questions were translated incorrectly , that the samples were not representative in some countries , were the Germans ( most of them have never had multiple- choice tests in their lives ) discriminated against by the multiple -choice questions , had PISA - no questions validity and programs that PISA " an IQ test actually " that showed to them that dysgenic fertility has happened in Germany . [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79 ] [ 80 ]
The Programme for International Student Assessment , coordinated by the OECD, assesses the skills of 15 -year-olds in OECD countries and a number of partner countries. In 2006, German students their position improved in comparison to previous years ranked ( statistically ) significantly above average ( rank 13) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average in mathematical skills ( rank 20) and reading skills ( rank 18). [69 ] [ 70 ] The socio - economic gap in Germany is very high, the performance of students in Germany is more dependent on socio -economic factors than in most other countries. [69] [70]
| Time | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 08.00–08.45 am | English | Physics | Biology | Physics | Greek |
| 08.45–09.30 am | History | English | Chemistry | Maths | Chemistry |
| 09.30–09.40 am | break | ||||
| 09.40–10.25 am | Latin | Greek | Maths | Latin | Economics |
| 10.25–11.10 am | German | Geography | Religious studies | Greek | German |
| 11.10–11.30 am | break | ||||
| 11.30–12.15 am–pm | Music | Maths | Geography | German | Biology |
| 12.15–13.00 pm | Religious studies | Civic education | Economics | English | Latin |
| 13.00–14.00 pm | break | ||||
| 14.00–14.45 pm | Arts | Intensive course | |||
| 14.45–15.30 pm | Intensive course | Greek | |||
| 15.30-16.15 pm | PE | ||||
| 16.15–17.00 pm | PE | ||||
| Time | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday |
| 08.00–08.45 am | English | Religious studies | French | Physics | German |
| 08.50–09.35 am | English | Religious studies | French | Physics | German |
| 09.55–10.40 am | German | Geography/Social Studies (taught in English) | Mathematics | Geography/Social Studies (taught in English) | Mathematics |
| 10.45–11.30 am | German | Geography/Social Studies (taught in English) | Mathematics | Geography/Social Studies (taught in English) | Mathematics |
| 11.50–12.35 pm | Physics | Politics-Economy | History | English | French |
| 12.40–1.25 pm | Physics | Politics-Economy | History | English | French |
| 1.40–2.25 pm | Arts | "Seminarfach"+ | History | PE (different sports offered as courses) | |
| 2.30–3.15 pm | Arts | "Seminarfach"+ | History | PE (different sports offered as courses) | |
+"Seminarfach" is a compulsory class in which each student is prepared to turn in his/her own research paper at the end of the semester. The class is supposed to train the students' scientific research skills that will be necessary in their later university life.
There are many differences in the 16 states of Germany and there are alternatives to this basic pattern, e.g. Waldorfschulen or other private schools. Adults can also go back to evening school and take the Abitur exam.
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